English grammar/Determiners - Revision history

imported>Martins at 10:55, 2 August 2012

2012-08-02T10:55:09Z

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	The single rule (D,att,%x)(NB,%y):=(%y,+att=%x); will apply for all the determiners having the feature "att", i.e., [a], [an], [this], [that], [same], [other] etc.		The single rule (D,att,%x)(NB,%y):=(%y,+att=%x); will apply for all the determiners having the feature "att", i.e., [a], [an], [this], [that], [same], [other] etc.

	== two books ==		=== two books ===
	Numbers are not represented as attributes, but as relations. In this case, we cannot avoid some syntactic processing. We present below the trace and the details.		Numbers are not represented as attributes, but as relations. In this case, we cannot avoid some syntactic processing. We present below the trace and the details.
	INPUT: two books		INPUT: two books

imported>Martins at 10:47, 2 August 2012

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imported>Martins at 10:14, 2 August 2012

2012-08-02T10:14:58Z

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	== two books ==		== two books ==
	Numbers are not represented as attributes, but as relations. In this case, we cannot avoid some syntactic processing. The rule for dealing with cardinals is the following:		Numbers are not represented as attributes, but as relations. In this case, we cannot avoid some syntactic processing. We present below the trace and the details.
			INPUT: two books
			DICTIONARY:
			*
			*
			*






			The rule for dealing with cardinals is the following:
	;<nowiki>(DIGIT,^ORD,%y)(NB,%x):=(XB(%x;%y,+spec,+qua),+LEX=N,+XB=NB,%z);</nowiki> two books > XB(books,two)		;<nowiki>(DIGIT,^ORD,%y)(NB,%x):=(XB(%x;%y,+spec,+qua),+LEX=N,+XB=NB,%z);</nowiki> two books > XB(books,two)
	This rules states that, if there is a digit, which is not ordinal, before an intermediate projection of the noun phrase (NB), then we should create another intermediate projection XB between the NB and the digit, i.e.:		This rules states that, if there is a digit, which is not ordinal, before an intermediate projection of the noun phrase (NB), then we should create another intermediate projection XB between the NB and the digit, i.e.:
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	*(%x)(%y):=XB(%y;%x); transforms a list into a relation		*(%x)(%y):=XB(%y;%x); transforms a list into a relation
	*(%x)(%y):=(XB(%y;%x),%z); replaces two nodes (%x and %y) by a third node (%z) and creates an XB relation between %x and %y inside this node.		*(%x)(%y):=(XB(%y;%x),%z); replaces two nodes (%x and %y) by a third node (%z) and creates an XB relation between %x and %y inside this node.
	Why is this necessary		Why is this necessary? There are at least two reasons for operating this way:
			#If we simply replace the nodes %x and %y by a relation, we will loose the relations that they could have with other nodes in the sentence. For instance: in case of [two][books][about][Paris], if we replace [two][books] by XB(books;two) we will loose the relation between [books] and [Paris], because nodes inserted in graphs are removed from the list structure, i.e., we will have two isolated data structures: the graph, which contains only XB(books;two), and the list with [about][Paris]. In order to preserve this relation, we have to replace [two][books] by a new node [XB(books;two)] so that we could have [XB(books;two)][about][Paris]. We would loose the relation between [book] and [about], but there will be still a linear relation between the XB(books;two) and [about].
			#It is important to deal with general categories, such as XB (any intermediate projection), instead of specific categories, such as NB (intermediate projection of a noun phrase). In the dearborization phase of the grammar, we will transform this tree-like structures into head-driven structures. If we have a general relation such as XB, the number of rules is considerably smaller:
			*XB(XB(%x;%y);%z):=XB(%x;%y)XB(%x;%z);
			*XP(XB(%x;%y);%z):=XB(%x;%y)XS(%x;%z);
			*XP(%x;%y):=XS(%x;%y);
			Note that these rules will transform hyper-relations into simple relations. If we use specific categories (such as NB,VB,PB etc) instead of the general category XB, we will have to repeat this for all different types of relations. However, we do need to preserve the information that this intermediate projection (XB) is a projection of a noun. This is done by assigning the features +LEX=N,+XB=NB to the hyper-node so that, later on, we will be able to convert XB into NB.

imported>Martins at 09:55, 2 August 2012

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	;<nowiki>(DIGIT,^ORD,%y)(NB,%x):=(XB(%x;%y,+spec,+qua),+LEX=N,+XB=NB,%z);</nowiki> two books > XB(books,two)		;<nowiki>(DIGIT,^ORD,%y)(NB,%x):=(XB(%x;%y,+spec,+qua),+LEX=N,+XB=NB,%z);</nowiki> two books > XB(books,two)
	This rules states that, if there is a digit, which is not ordinal, before an intermediate projection of the noun phrase (NB), then we should create another intermediate projection XB between the NB and the digit, i.e.:		This rules states that, if there is a digit, which is not ordinal, before an intermediate projection of the noun phrase (NB), then we should create another intermediate projection XB between the NB and the digit, i.e.:
	~~<pre>~~
	two books		two books
	will be analyzed as:		will be analyzed as:
			<pre>
	XB		XB
	/ \		/ \

imported>Martins at 09:54, 2 August 2012

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	*STATE#3: [book.@def] ("the" is deleted and its attribute is copied to "book"]		*STATE#3: [book.@def] ("the" is deleted and its attribute is copied to "book"]
	*OUTPUT: book.@def		*OUTPUT: book.@def
	Note that Rule#1 will delete the determiner because its node (%x) is not reproduced in the right side of the rule. In list rules, according to the [[UNL Grammar Specs]], nodes that do not appear in the right side are deleted. The feature "+att=%x" creates an attribute "att" and assigns the value of the same attribute in %x in to it. Note that [book] has no "att" in the dictionary, but [the] does. The feature "+att=%x" creates ~~the~~ attribute for [book] and assigns the value of [the]~~, which is %x, to it~~. This kind of rule will only work if %x has "att"; if not, the attribute "att" will be created, but without any value. <br />		Note that Rule#1 will delete the determiner because its node (%x) is not reproduced in the right side of the rule. In list rules, according to the [[UNL Grammar Specs]], nodes that do not appear in the right side are deleted. The feature "+att=%x" creates an attribute "att" and assigns the value of the same attribute in %x in to it. Note that [book] has no "att" in the dictionary, but [the] does. The feature "+att=%x" creates an attribute "att" for [book] and assigns to it the value of the same attribute in [the]. This kind of rule will only work if %x has "att"; if not, the attribute "att" will be created, but without any value. <br />
	In the English grammar, the rule is actually:		In the English grammar, the rule is actually:
	#(D,att,%x)(NB,%y):=(%y,+att=%x);		#(D,att,%x)(NB,%y):=(%y,+att=%x);

imported>Martins at 09:53, 2 August 2012

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	*STATE#3: [book.@def] ("the" is deleted and its attribute is copied to "book"]		*STATE#3: [book.@def] ("the" is deleted and its attribute is copied to "book"]
	*OUTPUT: book.@def		*OUTPUT: book.@def
	Note that Rule#1 will delete the determiner because its node (%x) is not reproduced in the right side of the rule. In list rules, nodes that do not appear in the right side are deleted. The feature "+att=%x" creates an attribute "att" and assigns the value of the same attribute in %x in to it. Note that [book] has no "att" in the dictionary, but [the] does. The feature "+att=%x" creates the attribute for [book] and assigns the value of [the], which is %x, to it. This kind of rule will only work if %x has "att"; if not, the attribute "att" will be created, but without any value. <br />		Note that Rule#1 will delete the determiner because its node (%x) is not reproduced in the right side of the rule. In list rules, according to the [[UNL Grammar Specs]], nodes that do not appear in the right side are deleted. The feature "+att=%x" creates an attribute "att" and assigns the value of the same attribute in %x in to it. Note that [book] has no "att" in the dictionary, but [the] does. The feature "+att=%x" creates the attribute for [book] and assigns the value of [the], which is %x, to it. This kind of rule will only work if %x has "att"; if not, the attribute "att" will be created, but without any value. <br />
	In the English grammar, the rule is actually:		In the English grammar, the rule is actually:
	#(D,att,%x)(NB,%y):=(%y,+att=%x);		#(D,att,%x)(NB,%y):=(%y,+att=%x);

imported>Martins at 09:52, 2 August 2012

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	TRACE:<br />		TRACE:<br />
	INPUT: the book		INPUT: the book
	STATE#1: [the][ ][book] (tokenization)		*STATE#1: [the][ ][book] (tokenization)
	STATE#2: [the][book] (blank space is deleted)		*STATE#2: [the][book] (blank space is deleted)
	STATE#3: [book.@def] ("the" is deleted and its attribute is copied to "book"]		*STATE#3: [book.@def] ("the" is deleted and its attribute is copied to "book"]
	OUTPUT: book.@def		*OUTPUT: book.@def
	Note that Rule#1 will delete the determiner because its node (%x) is not reproduced in the right side of the rule. In list rules, nodes that do not appear in the right side are deleted. The feature "+att=%x" creates an attribute "att" and assigns the value of the same attribute in %x in to it. Note that [book] has no "att" in the dictionary, but [the] does. The feature "+att=%x" creates the attribute for [book] and assigns the value of [the], which is %x, to it. This kind of rule will only work if %x has "att"; if not, the attribute "att" will be created, but without any value. <br />		Note that Rule#1 will delete the determiner because its node (%x) is not reproduced in the right side of the rule. In list rules, nodes that do not appear in the right side are deleted. The feature "+att=%x" creates an attribute "att" and assigns the value of the same attribute in %x in to it. Note that [book] has no "att" in the dictionary, but [the] does. The feature "+att=%x" creates the attribute for [book] and assigns the value of [the], which is %x, to it. This kind of rule will only work if %x has "att"; if not, the attribute "att" will be created, but without any value. <br />
	In the English grammar, the rule is actually:		In the English grammar, the rule is actually:

imported>Martins at 09:52, 2 August 2012

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	#(D,att,%x)(N,%y):=(%y,+att=%x);		#(D,att,%x)(N,%y):=(%y,+att=%x);
	#(BLK):=;		#(BLK):=;
	D-GRAMMAR: not necessary		D-GRAMMAR: not necessary<br />
	TRACE:		TRACE:<br />
	INPUT: the book		INPUT: the book
	STATE#1: [the][ ][book] (tokenization)		STATE#1: [the][ ][book] (tokenization)

imported>Martins at 09:51, 2 August 2012

2012-08-02T09:51:34Z

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	The single rule (D,att,%x)(NB,%y):=(%y,+att=%x); will apply for all the determiners having the feature "att", i.e., [a], [an], [this], [that], [same], [other] etc.		The single rule (D,att,%x)(NB,%y):=(%y,+att=%x); will apply for all the determiners having the feature "att", i.e., [a], [an], [this], [that], [same], [other] etc.

	== two books ===		== two books ==
	Numbers are not represented as attributes, but as relations. In this case, we cannot avoid some syntactic processing. The rule for dealing with cardinals is the following:		Numbers are not represented as attributes, but as relations. In this case, we cannot avoid some syntactic processing. The rule for dealing with cardinals is the following:
	;(DIGIT,^ORD,%y)(NB,%x):=(XB(%x;%y,+spec,+qua),+LEX=N,+XB=NB,%z); two books > XB(books,two)		;<nowiki>(DIGIT,^ORD,%y)(NB,%x):=(XB(%x;%y,+spec,+qua),+LEX=N,+XB=NB,%z);</nowiki> two books > XB(books,two)
	This rules states that, if there is a digit, which is not ordinal, before an intermediate projection of the noun phrase (NB), then we should create another intermediate projection XB between the NB and the digit, i.e.:		This rules states that, if there is a digit, which is not ordinal, before an intermediate projection of the noun phrase (NB), then we should create another intermediate projection XB between the NB and the digit, i.e.:
	<pre>		<pre>

imported>Martins at 09:51, 2 August 2012

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 There are basically two types of UNLization rules dealing with determiners: attribute rules and relation rules. Attribute rules normally make use of the attribute "att" and its corresponding features assigned in the dictionary.
 ;Ordinals (ORD)
 (DIGIT,ORD,%y)(NB,%x):=(XB(%x;%y,+spec,+mod),+LEX=N,+XB=NB,%z); first book > XB(book,first)
 ;Quantifiers (DIGIT)
-(DIGIT,^ORD,%y)(NB,%x):=(XB(%x;%y,+spec,+qua),+LEX=N,+XB=NB,%z); two books > XB(books,two)
 ;Posessive determiners (POD)
 (POD,%x)(NB,%y):=(XP(%y;%x,+spec,+pos),+LEX=N,+XP=NP,%z); my book > XP(book,I)