Syntax - Revision history

imported>Martins at 20:26, 13 August 2013

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	Grammars derive from specific implementations of syntactic approaches. A constituency approach will lead to constituency grammars (i.e., sets of rules that can be used to divide the sentence into constituents), whereas a dependency approach will lead to dependency grammars (i.e., sets of rules that can be used to identify dependency relations between syntactic units).		Grammars derive from specific implementations of syntactic approaches. A constituency approach will lead to constituency grammars (i.e., sets of rules that can be used to divide the sentence into constituents), whereas a dependency approach will lead to dependency grammars (i.e., sets of rules that can be used to identify dependency relations between syntactic units).

	~~In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, the syntactic module is built on a very specific constituency grammar~~ - ~~the [[X~~-~~bar]] - but the system can also be used to deal with dependency grammars.~~		There are several implementations of each approach:
			*Constituency grammars
			**Government and Binding Theory (GB)
			**Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG)
			**Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG)
			**Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG)
			**Categorial Grammar (CG)
			*Dependency grammars
			**Algebraic Syntax
			**Functional Generative Description
			**Lexicase
			**Meaning-Text Theory
			**Operator Grammar
			**Word Grammar

			In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, the syntactic module is built on a very specific module of a constituency grammar: the [[X-bar]].

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	<references />		<references />

imported>Martins at 20:19, 13 August 2013

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	In Linguistics, '''syntax''' is "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages"<ref name="a"> Chomsky, Noam. [1957]. Syntactic Structures. p. 11.</ref>. It assumes that:		In Linguistics, '''syntax''' is "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages"<ref name="a"> Chomsky, Noam. [1957]. Syntactic Structures. p. 11.</ref>. It assumes that:
	*natural language sentences can be broken down into components (the so-called syntactic constituents);		*natural language sentences can be broken down into components (the so-called syntactic constituents);
	*the resulting structure (i.e., the relations between syntactic constituents) is hierarchical ~~(a tree-like structure)~~ rather than a simple list; and		*the resulting structure (i.e., the relations between syntactic constituents) is hierarchical rather than a simple list; and
	*the structure can be predicted by rules (i.e., the structure is regular), which consist the grammar of the language.		*the structure can be predicted by rules (i.e., the structure is regular), which consist the grammar of the language.
	For instance, the sentence:		For instance, the sentence:
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	\|}		\|}

	== ~~Immediate Constituent Analysis~~ ==		== Approaches ==
	~~In linguistics, immediate constituent analysis or IC analysis is a method~~ of ~~sentence analysis~~ that ~~was first mentioned by Leonard Bloomfield<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt</ref>~~ and ~~developed further by Rulon Wells<ref>Wells, Rulon S~~. ~~1947. "Immediate Constituents." Language: 23. pp. 81–117.</ref>. The process reached a full blown strategy for analyzing sentence structure~~ in ~~the early works of Noam Chomsky<ref name="a"/>. IC-analysis divides up~~ a sentence into major parts or immediate constituents, ~~and these constituents~~ are in turn divided into further ~~immediate constituents~~. The process continues until irreducible constituents are reached, i.e., until each constituent consists of only a word or a meaningful part of a word. The end result ~~of IC-analysis~~ is often presented in a visual diagrammatic form that reveals the hierarchical immediate constituent structure of the sentence at hand. These diagrams are usually trees. ~~For example~~:		There are two main approaches to syntax:
			*the constituency approach
			*the dependency approach

			The '''constituency''' approach derives from the subject-predicate division of Latin and Greek grammars that is based on term logic and reaches back to Aristotle in antiquity. It consists in dividing a sentence into major parts (immediate constituents), which are in turn divided into further parts. The process continues until irreducible constituents are reached, i.e., until each constituent consists of only a word or a meaningful part of a word. The end result is often presented in a visual diagrammatic form that reveals the hierarchical immediate constituent structure of the sentence at hand. These diagrams are usually trees.

			The '''dependency''' approach was first acknowledged concretely and developed as the basis for a comprehensive theory of syntax and grammar by Lucien Tesnière in his posthumously published work Éléments de syntaxe structurale. It derives from the work of Gottlob Frege, who rejected the classic binary division of the sentence and replaced it with an understanding of sentence logic in terms of predicates and their arguments. The dependency relation views the (finite) verb as the structural center of all clause structure. All other syntactic units (e.g. words) are either directly or indirectly dependent on the verb. Structure is determined by the relation between a word (a head) and its dependents.

			[[file:syntax3.png]]

			== Grammars ==
			Grammars derive from specific implementations of syntactic approaches. A constituency approach will lead to constituency grammars (i.e., sets of rules that can be used to divide the sentence into constituents), whereas a dependency approach will lead to dependency grammars (i.e., sets of rules that can be used to identify dependency relations between syntactic units).

			In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, the syntactic module is built on a very specific constituency grammar - the [[X-bar]] - but the system can also be used to deal with dependency grammars.

	~~[[file:syntax2.jpg]]~~

	This tree illustrates the manner in which the entire sentence is divided first into the two immediate constituents; these two constituents are further divided into the immediate constituents; and so on.
	An important aspect of IC-analysis is that each individual word is a constituent by definition. The process of IC-analysis always ends when the smallest constituents are reached, which are often words (although the analysis can also be extended into the words to acknowledge the manner in which words are structured).

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	<references />		<references />

imported>Martins at 19:48, 13 August 2013

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	In linguistics, immediate constituent analysis or IC analysis is a method of sentence analysis that was first mentioned by Leonard Bloomfield<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt</ref> and developed further by Rulon Wells<ref>Wells, Rulon S. 1947. "Immediate Constituents." Language: 23. pp. 81–117.</ref>. The process reached a full blown strategy for analyzing sentence structure in the early works of Noam Chomsky<ref name="a"/>. IC-analysis divides up a sentence into major parts or immediate constituents, and these constituents are in turn divided into further immediate constituents. The process continues until irreducible constituents are reached, i.e., until each constituent consists of only a word or a meaningful part of a word. The end result of IC-analysis is often presented in a visual diagrammatic form that reveals the hierarchical immediate constituent structure of the sentence at hand. These diagrams are usually trees. For example:		In linguistics, immediate constituent analysis or IC analysis is a method of sentence analysis that was first mentioned by Leonard Bloomfield<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt</ref> and developed further by Rulon Wells<ref>Wells, Rulon S. 1947. "Immediate Constituents." Language: 23. pp. 81–117.</ref>. The process reached a full blown strategy for analyzing sentence structure in the early works of Noam Chomsky<ref name="a"/>. IC-analysis divides up a sentence into major parts or immediate constituents, and these constituents are in turn divided into further immediate constituents. The process continues until irreducible constituents are reached, i.e., until each constituent consists of only a word or a meaningful part of a word. The end result of IC-analysis is often presented in a visual diagrammatic form that reveals the hierarchical immediate constituent structure of the sentence at hand. These diagrams are usually trees. For example:

	[[file:syntax2.~~png~~]]		[[file:syntax2.jpg]]

	This tree illustrates the manner in which the entire sentence is divided first into the two immediate constituents; these two constituents are further divided into the immediate constituents; and so on.		This tree illustrates the manner in which the entire sentence is divided first into the two immediate constituents; these two constituents are further divided into the immediate constituents; and so on.

imported>Martins at 19:47, 13 August 2013

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	== Immediate Constituent Analysis ==		== Immediate Constituent Analysis ==
	In linguistics, immediate constituent analysis or IC analysis is a method of sentence analysis that was first mentioned by Leonard Bloomfield<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt</ref> and developed further by Rulon Wells<ref>Wells, Rulon S. 1947. "Immediate Constituents." Language: 23. pp. 81–117.</ref>. The process reached a full blown strategy for analyzing sentence structure in the early works of Noam Chomsky<ref name="a"/>. The ~~practice~~ is ~~now widespread~~. ~~Most~~ tree ~~structures employed to represent~~ the ~~syntactic structure of sentences~~ are ~~products of some form~~ of IC-analysis. The process ~~and result~~ of IC-analysis ~~can~~, ~~however, vary greatly based upon whether one chooses~~ the ~~constituency relation of phrase structure grammars (= constituency grammars) or~~ the ~~dependency relation of dependency grammars as~~ the ~~underlying principle that organizes constituents into hierarchical structures~~.		In linguistics, immediate constituent analysis or IC analysis is a method of sentence analysis that was first mentioned by Leonard Bloomfield<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt</ref> and developed further by Rulon Wells<ref>Wells, Rulon S. 1947. "Immediate Constituents." Language: 23. pp. 81–117.</ref>. The process reached a full blown strategy for analyzing sentence structure in the early works of Noam Chomsky<ref name="a"/>. IC-analysis divides up a sentence into major parts or immediate constituents, and these constituents are in turn divided into further immediate constituents. The process continues until irreducible constituents are reached, i.e., until each constituent consists of only a word or a meaningful part of a word. The end result of IC-analysis is often presented in a visual diagrammatic form that reveals the hierarchical immediate constituent structure of the sentence at hand. These diagrams are usually trees. For example:

			[[file:syntax2.png]]

			This tree illustrates the manner in which the entire sentence is divided first into the two immediate constituents; these two constituents are further divided into the immediate constituents; and so on.
			An important aspect of IC-analysis is that each individual word is a constituent by definition. The process of IC-analysis always ends when the smallest constituents are reached, which are often words (although the analysis can also be extended into the words to acknowledge the manner in which words are structured).

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	<references />		<references />

imported>Martins at 19:43, 13 August 2013

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	In Linguistics, '''syntax''' is "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages"<ref name="1"> Chomsky, Noam. [1957]. Syntactic Structures. p. 11.</ref>. It assumes that:		In Linguistics, '''syntax''' is "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages"<ref name="a"> Chomsky, Noam. [1957]. Syntactic Structures. p. 11.</ref>. It assumes that:
	*natural language sentences can be broken down into components (the so-called syntactic constituents);		*natural language sentences can be broken down into components (the so-called syntactic constituents);
	*the resulting structure (i.e., the relations between syntactic constituents) is hierarchical (a tree-like structure) rather than a simple list; and		*the resulting structure (i.e., the relations between syntactic constituents) is hierarchical (a tree-like structure) rather than a simple list; and
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	== Immediate Constituent Analysis ==		== Immediate Constituent Analysis ==
	In linguistics, immediate constituent analysis or IC analysis is a method of sentence analysis that was first mentioned by Leonard Bloomfield<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt</ref> and developed further by Rulon Wells<ref>Wells, Rulon S. 1947. "Immediate Constituents." Language: 23. pp. 81–117.</ref>. The process reached a full blown strategy for analyzing sentence structure in the early works of Noam Chomsky<ref name="1"/>. The practice is now widespread. Most tree structures employed to represent the syntactic structure of sentences are products of some form of IC-analysis. The process and result of IC-analysis can, however, vary greatly based upon whether one chooses the constituency relation of phrase structure grammars (= constituency grammars) or the dependency relation of dependency grammars as the underlying principle that organizes constituents into hierarchical structures.		In linguistics, immediate constituent analysis or IC analysis is a method of sentence analysis that was first mentioned by Leonard Bloomfield<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt</ref> and developed further by Rulon Wells<ref>Wells, Rulon S. 1947. "Immediate Constituents." Language: 23. pp. 81–117.</ref>. The process reached a full blown strategy for analyzing sentence structure in the early works of Noam Chomsky<ref name="a"/>. The practice is now widespread. Most tree structures employed to represent the syntactic structure of sentences are products of some form of IC-analysis. The process and result of IC-analysis can, however, vary greatly based upon whether one chooses the constituency relation of phrase structure grammars (= constituency grammars) or the dependency relation of dependency grammars as the underlying principle that organizes constituents into hierarchical structures.

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	<references />		<references />

imported>Martins at 19:42, 13 August 2013

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	In Linguistics, '''syntax''' is "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages"<ref> Chomsky, Noam. [1957]. Syntactic Structures. p. 11.</ref>. It assumes that:		In Linguistics, '''syntax''' is "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages"<ref name="1"> Chomsky, Noam. [1957]. Syntactic Structures. p. 11.</ref>. It assumes that:
	*natural language sentences can be broken down into components (the so-called syntactic constituents);		*natural language sentences can be broken down into components (the so-called syntactic constituents);
	*the resulting structure (i.e., the relations between syntactic constituents) is hierarchical (a tree-like structure) rather than a simple list; and		*the resulting structure (i.e., the relations between syntactic constituents) is hierarchical (a tree-like structure) rather than a simple list; and
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	\|align=center\|(2)		\|align=center\|(2)
	\|}		\|}

			== Immediate Constituent Analysis ==
			In linguistics, immediate constituent analysis or IC analysis is a method of sentence analysis that was first mentioned by Leonard Bloomfield<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt</ref> and developed further by Rulon Wells<ref>Wells, Rulon S. 1947. "Immediate Constituents." Language: 23. pp. 81–117.</ref>. The process reached a full blown strategy for analyzing sentence structure in the early works of Noam Chomsky<ref name="1"/>. The practice is now widespread. Most tree structures employed to represent the syntactic structure of sentences are products of some form of IC-analysis. The process and result of IC-analysis can, however, vary greatly based upon whether one chooses the constituency relation of phrase structure grammars (= constituency grammars) or the dependency relation of dependency grammars as the underlying principle that organizes constituents into hierarchical structures.

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	<references />		<references />

imported>Martins at 19:39, 13 August 2013

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	<blockquote>''they killed the man''</blockquote>		<blockquote>''they killed the man''</blockquote>
	is more productively represented as (1) than (2)		is more productively represented as (1) than (2)
	{\|~~align=center~~		{\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|align=center\|[[file:syntax.png]]		\|align=center\|[[file:syntax.png]]

imported>Martins at 19:27, 13 August 2013

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	\|align=center\|(2)		\|align=center\|(2)
	\|}		\|}



	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	<references />		<references />

imported>Martins at 19:26, 13 August 2013

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	~~#REDIRECT~~ [[~~X-bar~~]]		In Linguistics, '''syntax''' is "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages"<ref> Chomsky, Noam. [1957]. Syntactic Structures. p. 11.</ref>. It assumes that:
			*natural language sentences can be broken down into components (the so-called syntactic constituents);
			*the resulting structure (i.e., the relations between syntactic constituents) is hierarchical (a tree-like structure) rather than a simple list; and
			*the structure can be predicted by rules (i.e., the structure is regular), which consist the grammar of the language.
			For instance, the sentence:
			<blockquote>''they killed the man''</blockquote>
			is more productively represented as (1) than (2)
			{\|align=center
			\|-
			\|align=center\|[[file:syntax.png]]
			\|width=20%\|
			\|align=center\|'''[they][ ][killed][ ][the][ ][man]'''
			\|-
			\|align=center\|(1)
			\|width=20%\|
			\|align=center\|(2)
			\|}



			== Notes ==
			<references />

imported>Martins at 19:12, 13 August 2013

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	~~In Linguistics, '''syntax''' is "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages"<ref> Chomsky, Noam.~~ [~~1957]. Syntactic Structures. p. 11.</ref>. It assumes that:~~		#REDIRECT [[X-bar]]
	*natural language sentences can be broken down into components (the so-called syntactic constituents);
	*the resulting structure (i.e., the relations between syntactic constituents) is hierarchical (a tree-like structure) rather than a simple list; and
	*the structure can be predicted by rules (i.e., the structure is regular), which consist the grammar of the language.
	~~For instance, the sentence:~~
	~~<blockquote>''they killed the man''</blockquote>~~
	~~is more productively represented as (1) than (2)~~
	~~{\|align=center~~
	\|-
	~~\|align=center\|[[file:syntax.png~~]]
	~~\|width=20%\|~~
	~~\|align=center\|'''[they][ ][killed][ ][the][ ][man]'''~~
	\|-
	~~\|align=center\|(1)~~
	~~\|width=20%\|~~
	~~\|align=center\|(2)~~
	\|}



	~~== Notes ==~~
	~~<references />~~