UNL-NL Dictionaries - Revision history

imported>Admin at 20:24, 17 April 2009

2009-04-17T20:24:06Z

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	The '''UNL-NL dictionaries''' are bilingual dictionaries linking [[Universal Words\|UWs]] to natural language (NL) words. They can be unidirectional (UNL-to-NL or NL-to-UNL) or bidirectional (NL-to-UNL-to-NL). UNL-to-NL dictionaries are used for [[deconversion]], while NL-to-UNL are used for [[enconversion]]. In what follows, we present the current specifications for UNL-NL dictionaries. They are not mandatory but are required from those interested in using [[UNL Centre]]'s and UNDL Foundation's tools. The features marked with an * are only supported by UNDL Foundation's tools.		The '''UNL-NL dictionaries''' are bilingual dictionaries linking [[Universal Words\|UWs]] to natural language (NL) words. They can be unidirectional (UNL-to-NL or NL-to-UNL) or bidirectional (NL-to-UNL-to-NL). UNL-to-NL dictionaries are used for [[deconversion]], while NL-to-UNL are used for [[enconversion]].

	~~== Syntax ==~~

	~~In the [[UNL System]], the UNL-NL dictionaries are plain text files with a single entry per line in the following format:~~

	~~[NLW] {ID} “UW” (ATTR , ... ) < LG , FRE , PRI >; COMMENTS~~

	~~Where:~~

	~~;NLW~~
	~~:The lexical item of the natural language. Its format should be decided by the dictionary builder. It can be:~~
	~~::*a multiword expression: [United States of America]~~
	~~::*a compound: [hot-dog]~~
	~~::*a simple word: [happiness]~~
	~~::*a simple morpheme: [happ]~~
	::a complex structure (see below): [[bring] [back]]
	~~::*a non-motivated linguistic entity: [g]~~

	~~;ID~~
	~~:The unique identifier (primary-key) of the entry.~~

	~~;UW~~
	~~:The Universal Word of UNL. This field can be empty if a word does not need a UW.~~

	~~;ATTR~~
	~~:The list of features of the NLW. It can be:~~
	~~::*a list of simple features: (NOU, MCL, SNG)~~
	::a list of attribute-value pairs: (pos=NOU, gen=MCL, num=SNG)
	::a list of transformation rules (see below): (plural:=”oo”:”ee”)
	~~Attributes should be separated by “,”.~~

	~~;FLG~~
	~~:The two-character language code according to ISO 639-1.~~

	~~;FRE~~
	~~:The frequency of NLW in natural texts. Used for natural language analysis (NL-UNL). It can range from 0 (less frequent) to 255 (most frequent).~~

	~~;PRI~~
	~~:The priority of the NLW. Used for natural language generation (UNL-NL). It can range from 0 to 255.~~

	~~;COMMENT~~
	~~:Any comment necessary to clarify the mapping between NL and UNL entries. It should end with the return code.~~

	~~The features marked with * are not supported by the UNL Centre's tools~~
	~~== Complex structures as NLW* ==~~

	~~In order to deal with '''infixation''', the NLW can be represented as a complex structure comprising several sub-NLW entries. The syntax for complex NLWs is:~~

	~~[[sub-NLW][sub-NLW]...[sub-NLW]] {ID} “UW” (ATTR , ..., 1#(ATTR, ...), 2#(ATTR, ...), ...) < LG , FRE , PRI >; COMMENTS~~

	~~Where:<br />~~
	~~[sub-NLW] is a part of the NLW;<br />~~
	~~1#(ATTR, ...) are the specific features for the first sub-NLW to appear in the NLW; <br />~~
	~~2#(ATTR, ...) are the specific features for the second sub-NLW to appear in the NLW; <br />~~
	~~and so on.<br />~~
	~~The first sub-NLW to appear in a NLW will be always the #1, the second the #2, and so on. <br />~~
	~~The feature list preceded by <number># will apply only to the corresponding sub-NLW.<br />~~
	~~The features outside the sub-NLW feature lists are shared by all sub-NLWs.~~

	~~:Example<br />~~
	~~::[[bring] [back]] {} "to bring back(icl>to bring)" (pos=VER, 01#(past:=4>ought), 02#(pos:PRE)) <en, 0, 0>;<br />~~
	:::In the entry above, the NLW has been split into two different sub-NLWs ([bring] and [back] with a blank space in between). Each of these sub-NLWs has different features, referred to in the embedded parentheses inside the feature list. The sub-NLW [bring], which was the first to appear, has the feature "past:=4>ought", while the sub-NLW [back], which was the second, has the feature "pos:PRE". The feature "pos=VER", which is outside the specific feature lists, is shared by both of them.

	~~== Transformation rules for dictionary entries* ==~~

	~~In order to deal with '''exceptions''' and '''irregular''' forms, the following rules can be included inside dictionary entries (in the feature list field):~~

	~~;Replacement:~~
	~~:<ATTRIBUTE>”:=”<SOURCE>”:”<TARGET>~~
	~~::Example: plural:="oo":"ee" (it means that, in case of the feature "plural", the "oo" string will be replaced by "ee" in the NLW, as in foot>feet)~~

	~~;Left appending:~~
	~~:<ATTRIBUTE>”:=”<LEFT DELETION>”<”<LEFT ADDITION>~~
	~~::Example: not:=<"un" (it means that, in case of the feature "not", the string "un" will be added to the left of the NLW, as in dress>undress)~~

	~~;Right appending:~~
	~~:<ATTRIBUTE>”:=”<RIGHT ADDITION>”>”<RIGHT DELETION>~~
	~~::Example: plural:=y>ies (it means that, in case of the feature "plural", the rightmost "y" will be deleted and the "ies" string will be added to the right of the NLW, as in baby>babies)~~

	~~Where:<br >~~
	~~<ATTRIBUTE> is the name of the attribute<br >~~
	~~<SOURCE> is the original form to be replaced (if empty, it means that the whole NLW should be replaced)<br >~~
	~~<TARGET> is the form to be used instead of the source (if empty, it means that the whole NLW should be deleted)<br >~~
	~~<LEFT DELETION> is the string or the number of characters from the beginning of the NLW to be deleted before the addition of the LEFT ADDITION<br >~~
	~~<RIGHT DELETION> is the string or the number of characters from the end of the NLW to be deleted before the addition of the RIGHT ADDITION<br >~~
	~~<LEFT ADDITION> is the string to be added to beginning of the NLW<br >~~
	~~<RIGHT ADDITION> is the string to be added to the end of the NLW<br >~~

	~~== Examples of dictionary entries ==~~

	~~[a]{} "" (pos=DFA) <en,0,0>;<br>~~
	~~[book]{} "book(icl>thing)" (pos=N) <en,0,0>;<br>~~
	~~[buy]{} "buy(icl>do)" (pos=DTV, PP=04) <en,0,0>;<br>~~
	~~[book] {} “book(icl>document)” (pos=NOU) <en,0,0>;<br>~~
	~~[foot] {} “foot(icl>vertebrate foot) (pos=NOU, pl:=”feet”) <en,0,0>;<br>~~
	~~[baby] {} “baby(icl>child) (pos=NOU, pl:=”y”>”ies”) <en,0,0>;<br>~~
	~~[baby] {} “baby(icl>child) (pos=NOU, pl:=1>”ies”) <en,0,0>;<br>~~

imported>Admin at 23:16, 16 April 2009

2009-04-16T23:16:08Z

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	::*a list of simple features: (NOU, MCL, SNG)		::*a list of simple features: (NOU, MCL, SNG)
	::a list of attribute-value pairs: (pos=NOU, gen=MCL, num=SNG)		::a list of attribute-value pairs: (pos=NOU, gen=MCL, num=SNG)
	::a list of transformation rules (see below): (plural:=”oo”:”ee”)		::a list of transformation rules (see below): (plural:=”oo”:”ee”)
	Attributes should be separated by “,”.		Attributes should be separated by “,”.

imported>Admin at 23:15, 16 April 2009

2009-04-16T23:15:25Z

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	The '''UNL-NL dictionaries''' are bilingual dictionaries linking [[Universal Words\|UWs]] to natural language (NL) words. They can be unidirectional (UNL-to-NL or NL-to-UNL) or bidirectional (NL-to-UNL-to-NL). UNL-to-NL dictionaries are used for [[deconversion]], while NL-to-UNL are used for [[enconversion]].		The '''UNL-NL dictionaries''' are bilingual dictionaries linking [[Universal Words\|UWs]] to natural language (NL) words. They can be unidirectional (UNL-to-NL or NL-to-UNL) or bidirectional (NL-to-UNL-to-NL). UNL-to-NL dictionaries are used for [[deconversion]], while NL-to-UNL are used for [[enconversion]]. In what follows, we present the current specifications for UNL-NL dictionaries. They are not mandatory but are required from those interested in using [[UNL Centre]]'s and UNDL Foundation's tools. The features marked with an * are only supported by UNDL Foundation's tools.

	== Syntax ==		== Syntax ==
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	::*a simple word: [happiness]		::*a simple word: [happiness]
	::*a simple morpheme: [happ]		::*a simple morpheme: [happ]
	::*a complex structure (see below): [[bring] [back]]		::a complex structure (see below): [[bring] [back]]
	::*a non-motivated linguistic entity: [g]		::*a non-motivated linguistic entity: [g]

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	:The list of features of the NLW. It can be:		:The list of features of the NLW. It can be:
	::*a list of simple features: (NOU, MCL, SNG)		::*a list of simple features: (NOU, MCL, SNG)
	::*a list of attribute-value pairs: (pos=NOU, gen=MCL, num=SNG)		::a list of attribute-value pairs: (pos=NOU, gen=MCL, num=SNG)
	::*a list of transformation rules (see below): (plural:=”oo”:”ee”)		::a list of transformation rules (see below): (plural:=”oo”:”ee”)
	Attributes should be separated by “,”.		Attributes should be separated by “,”.

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	:Any comment necessary to clarify the mapping between NL and UNL entries. It should end with the return code.		:Any comment necessary to clarify the mapping between NL and UNL entries. It should end with the return code.

	== Complex structures as NLW ==		The features marked with * are not supported by the UNL Centre's tools
			== Complex structures as NLW* ==

	In order to deal with '''infixation''', the NLW can be represented as a complex structure comprising several sub-NLW entries. The syntax for complex NLWs is:		In order to deal with '''infixation''', the NLW can be represented as a complex structure comprising several sub-NLW entries. The syntax for complex NLWs is:
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	:::In the entry above, the NLW has been split into two different sub-NLWs ([bring] and [back] with a blank space in between). Each of these sub-NLWs has different features, referred to in the embedded parentheses inside the feature list. The sub-NLW [bring], which was the first to appear, has the feature "past:=4>ought", while the sub-NLW [back], which was the second, has the feature "pos:PRE". The feature "pos=VER", which is outside the specific feature lists, is shared by both of them.		:::In the entry above, the NLW has been split into two different sub-NLWs ([bring] and [back] with a blank space in between). Each of these sub-NLWs has different features, referred to in the embedded parentheses inside the feature list. The sub-NLW [bring], which was the first to appear, has the feature "past:=4>ought", while the sub-NLW [back], which was the second, has the feature "pos:PRE". The feature "pos=VER", which is outside the specific feature lists, is shared by both of them.

	== Transformation rules for dictionary entries ==		== Transformation rules for dictionary entries* ==

	In order to deal with '''exceptions''' and '''irregular''' forms, the following rules can be included inside dictionary entries (in the feature list field):		In order to deal with '''exceptions''' and '''irregular''' forms, the following rules can be included inside dictionary entries (in the feature list field):

imported>Admin at 22:39, 16 April 2009

2009-04-16T22:39:58Z

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	The first sub-NLW to appear in a NLW will be always the #1, the second the #2, and so on. <br />		The first sub-NLW to appear in a NLW will be always the #1, the second the #2, and so on. <br />
	The feature list preceded by <number># will apply only to the corresponding sub-NLW.<br />		The feature list preceded by <number># will apply only to the corresponding sub-NLW.<br />
	The features outside the sub-NLW feature ~~listS~~ are shared by all sub-NLWs.		The features outside the sub-NLW feature lists are shared by all sub-NLWs.

	:Example<br />		:Example<br />

imported>Admin at 22:38, 16 April 2009

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	In order to deal with '''infixation''', the NLW can be represented as a complex structure comprising several sub-NLW entries. The syntax for complex NLWs is:		In order to deal with '''infixation''', the NLW can be represented as a complex structure comprising several sub-NLW entries. The syntax for complex NLWs is:

	[[sub-NLW][sub-NLW]...[sub-NLW#]] {ID} “UW” (ATTR , ..., 1#(ATTR, ...), 2#(ATTR, ...), ...) < LG , FRE , PRI >; COMMENTS		[[sub-NLW][sub-NLW]...[sub-NLW]] {ID} “UW” (ATTR , ..., 1#(ATTR, ...), 2#(ATTR, ...), ...) < LG , FRE , PRI >; COMMENTS

	Where:<br />		Where:<br />

imported>Admin at 22:38, 16 April 2009

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	::*a list of simple features: (NOU, MCL, SNG)		::*a list of simple features: (NOU, MCL, SNG)
	::*a list of attribute-value pairs: (pos=NOU, gen=MCL, num=SNG)		::*a list of attribute-value pairs: (pos=NOU, gen=MCL, num=SNG)
	::*a list of ~~attribute and~~ transformation rules (see below): (plural:=”oo”:”ee”)		::*a list of transformation rules (see below): (plural:=”oo”:”ee”)
	Attributes should be separated by “,”.		Attributes should be separated by “,”.

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	== Complex structures as NLW ==		== Complex structures as NLW ==

	In order to deal with '''infixation''', the NLW can be represented as a complex structure ~~made of more basic~~ NLW entries. The syntax for complex NLWs is:		In order to deal with '''infixation''', the NLW can be represented as a complex structure comprising several sub-NLW entries. The syntax for complex NLWs is:

	[[NLW#1][NLW#2]...[NLW#N]] {ID} “UW” (ATTR , ..., 1#(ATTR, ...), 2#(ATTR, ...), ...) < LG , FRE , PRI >; COMMENTS		[[sub-NLW][sub-NLW]...[sub-NLW#]] {ID} “UW” (ATTR , ..., 1#(ATTR, ...), 2#(ATTR, ...), ...) < LG , FRE , PRI >; COMMENTS

	Where:<br />		Where:<br />
	[NLW#1]~~, [NLW#2], ... , [NLW#N] are the parts~~ of the NLW;<br />		[sub-NLW] is a part of the NLW;<br />
	1#(ATTR, ...) are the specific features for the first NLW ~~part~~; <br />		1#(ATTR, ...) are the specific features for the first sub-NLW to appear in the NLW; <br />
	2#(ATTR, ...) are the specific features for the second NLW ~~part~~; <br />		2#(ATTR, ...) are the specific features for the second sub-NLW to appear in the NLW; <br />
	and so on.<br />		and so on.<br />
	The ~~number should not be included inside de~~ NLW ~~field. The first embedded~~ NLW will be always the #1, the second the #2, and so on. The features outside the ~~specific features attribute list~~ are shared by all ~~parts of NLW~~.		The first sub-NLW to appear in a NLW will be always the #1, the second the #2, and so on. <br />
			The feature list preceded by <number># will apply only to the corresponding sub-NLW.<br />
			The features outside the sub-NLW feature listS are shared by all sub-NLWs.

	:Example<br />		:Example<br />
	::[[bring] [back]] {} "to bring back(icl>to bring)" (pos=VER, 01#(past:=4>ought), 02#(pos:PRE)) <en, 0, 0>;<br />		::[[bring] [back]] {} "to bring back(icl>to bring)" (pos=VER, 01#(past:=4>ought), 02#(pos:PRE)) <en, 0, 0>;<br />
	:::In the entry above, the NLW has been split into two different NLWs ([bring] and [back] with a blank space in between). Each of these NLWs has different features, referred to in the embedded parentheses inside the feature list. The NLW [bring, which was the first to appear, has the feature ~~list (~~past:=4>ought), ~~and~~ the NLW [back], which was the second, has the feature ~~list (~~pos:PRE). The feature "pos=VER", which is outside the specific feature lists, is shared by both of them.		:::In the entry above, the NLW has been split into two different sub-NLWs ([bring] and [back] with a blank space in between). Each of these sub-NLWs has different features, referred to in the embedded parentheses inside the feature list. The sub-NLW [bring], which was the first to appear, has the feature "past:=4>ought", while the sub-NLW [back], which was the second, has the feature "pos:PRE". The feature "pos=VER", which is outside the specific feature lists, is shared by both of them.

	== Transformation rules for dictionary entries ==		== Transformation rules for dictionary entries ==

imported>Admin at 20:40, 16 April 2009

2009-04-16T20:40:13Z

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	The number should not be included inside de NLW field. The first embedded NLW will be always the #1, the second the #2, and so on. The features outside the specific features attribute list are shared by all parts of NLW.		The number should not be included inside de NLW field. The first embedded NLW will be always the #1, the second the #2, and so on. The features outside the specific features attribute list are shared by all parts of NLW.

	Example<br />		:Example<br />
	[[bring] [back]] {} "to bring back(icl>to bring)" (pos=VER, 01#(past:=4>ought), 02#(pos:PRE)) <en, 0, 0>;<br />		::[[bring] [back]] {} "to bring back(icl>to bring)" (pos=VER, 01#(past:=4>ought), 02#(pos:PRE)) <en, 0, 0>;<br />
	In the entry above, the NLW has been split into two different NLWs ([bring] and [back] with a blank space in between). Each of these NLWs has different features, referred to in the embedded parentheses inside the feature list. The NLW [bring, which was the first to appear, has the feature list (past:=4>ought), and the NLW [back], which was the second, has the feature list (pos:PRE). The feature "pos=VER", which is outside the specific feature lists, is shared by both of them.		:::In the entry above, the NLW has been split into two different NLWs ([bring] and [back] with a blank space in between). Each of these NLWs has different features, referred to in the embedded parentheses inside the feature list. The NLW [bring, which was the first to appear, has the feature list (past:=4>ought), and the NLW [back], which was the second, has the feature list (pos:PRE). The feature "pos=VER", which is outside the specific feature lists, is shared by both of them.

	== Transformation rules for dictionary entries ==		== Transformation rules for dictionary entries ==

imported>Admin at 20:39, 16 April 2009

2009-04-16T20:39:34Z

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	Example<br />		Example<br />
	[[bring] [back]] {} "to bring back(icl>to bring)" (pos=VER, 01#(~~pos=VER,~~ past:=4>ought), 02#(pos:PRE)) < en, 0, 0>;<br />		[[bring] [back]] {} "to bring back(icl>to bring)" (pos=VER, 01#(past:=4>ought), 02#(pos:PRE)) <en, 0, 0>;<br />
	In the entry above, the NLW has been split into two different NLWs ([bring] and [back] with a blank space in between). Each of these NLWs has different features, referred to in the embedded parentheses inside the feature list. The NLW [bring] has the feature list ~~01#~~(~~pos=VER,~~ past:=4>ought), an the NLW [back] has the feature list ~~02#~~(pos:PRE). The "pos=VER", which is outside the specific lists, is shared by both of them.		In the entry above, the NLW has been split into two different NLWs ([bring] and [back] with a blank space in between). Each of these NLWs has different features, referred to in the embedded parentheses inside the feature list. The NLW [bring, which was the first to appear, has the feature list (past:=4>ought), and the NLW [back], which was the second, has the feature list (pos:PRE). The feature "pos=VER", which is outside the specific feature lists, is shared by both of them.

	== Transformation rules for dictionary entries ==		== Transformation rules for dictionary entries ==

imported>Admin at 20:37, 16 April 2009

2009-04-16T20:37:33Z

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	== Examples of dictionary entries ==		== Examples of dictionary entries ==

	[a]{} "" (pos=DFA) <EN,0,0>;<br>		[a]{} "" (pos=DFA) <en,0,0>;<br>
	[book]{} "book(icl>thing)" (pos=N) <EN,0,0>;<br>		[book]{} "book(icl>thing)" (pos=N) <en,0,0>;<br>
	[buy]{} "buy(icl>do)" (pos=DTV, PP=04) <EN,0,0>;<br>		[buy]{} "buy(icl>do)" (pos=DTV, PP=04) <en,0,0>;<br>
	[book] {} “book(icl>document)” (pos=NOU) <EN,0,0>;<br>		[book] {} “book(icl>document)” (pos=NOU) <en,0,0>;<br>
	[foot] {} “foot(icl>vertebrate foot) (pos=NOU, pl:=”feet”) <EN,0,0>;<br>		[foot] {} “foot(icl>vertebrate foot) (pos=NOU, pl:=”feet”) <en,0,0>;<br>
	[baby] {} “baby(icl>child) (pos=NOU, pl:=”y”>”ies”) <EN,0,0>;<br>		[baby] {} “baby(icl>child) (pos=NOU, pl:=”y”>”ies”) <en,0,0>;<br>
	[baby] {} “baby(icl>child) (pos=NOU, pl:=1>”ies”) <EN,0,0>;<br>		[baby] {} “baby(icl>child) (pos=NOU, pl:=1>”ies”) <en,0,0>;<br>

imported>Admin at 20:36, 16 April 2009

2009-04-16T20:36:47Z

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	Example<br />		Example<br />
	[[bring] [back]] {} "to bring back(icl>to bring)" (pos=VER, 01#(pos=VER, past:=4>ought), 02#(pos:PRE)) < en, 0, 0>;<br />		[[bring] [back]] {} "to bring back(icl>to bring)" (pos=VER, 01#(pos=VER, past:=4>ought), 02#(pos:PRE)) < en, 0, 0>;<br />
	In the entry above, the NLW has been split into two different NLWs (01 and 02)~~, which have~~ different features, referred to in the embedded parentheses inside the feature list. The ~~numbers~~ 01 ~~and~~ 02 ~~refer to first and to second embedded NLW respectively~~.		In the entry above, the NLW has been split into two different NLWs ([bring] and [back] with a blank space in between). Each of these NLWs has different features, referred to in the embedded parentheses inside the feature list. The NLW [bring] has the feature list 01#(pos=VER, past:=4>ought), an the NLW [back] has the feature list 02#(pos:PRE). The "pos=VER", which is outside the specific lists, is shared by both of them.

	== Transformation rules for dictionary entries ==		== Transformation rules for dictionary entries ==