Universal Relations

Universal Relations, formerly known as "links", are labelled arcs connecting a node to another node in a UNL graph. They correspond to two-place semantic predicates holding between two Universal Words. In UNL, universal relations have been normally used to represent semantic cases or thematic roles (such as agent, object, instrument, etc.) between UWs. The repertoire of universal relations is defined in the UNL Specs and it is not open to frequent additions.

Definition

In the UNL framework, universal relations describe semantic functions between two UWs. These functions are binary and directed (from a source to a target) and are claimed to be universal. Because of their similarity in name and function to syntactic relations, it may seem that the labels used for relations are different names for special grammatical functions. This is emphatically not the case. The intention is that the labels used denote specific ideas rather than grammatical structures: the idea of “something that initiates an event,” or “agent” for example, is quite different from “grammatical subject of a sentence”, even though many times the subject of a sentence will indicate the agent of the event. The agent of an event may also appear as an adjective or noun modifier, with the preposition “by” or embedded in nouns with “er” suffixes. The whole point of the conceptual relations is to have a name for these very different grammatical structures which are conceptually quite the same. Thus, the conceptual relations used in UNL are much more abstract than the grammatical relations found in sentences.

Syntax

Universal relations are represented as follows:

<rel>:<scope>(<source>,<target>)

where:

• <rel> is the name of the relation (two-character or three-character lower-case strings) (see the complete list of relations below)
• <scope> is the scope of the relation (two-character unique identifier for the scope). The scope may be omitted if the main scope, i.e., :00. See scope.
• <source> is the UW that assigns the relation <rel>
• <target> is the UW that receives the relation <rel>.

Examples

• agt(kill,Peter) = Peter is the agent of kill
• obj(kill,Peter) = Peter is the patient of kill
• tim(kill,yesterday) = yesterday is the time of kill
• plc(kill,kicthen) = kitchen is the place of kill
• mod(book,beautiful) = beautiful is a modifier of book
• icl(document,book) = book is a type of document
• iof(city,Paris) = Paris is an instance of city
• agt:01(kill,Peter) = Peter is the agent of kill in the scope :01 (see scope).

Observations

1. Arguments of relations are not commutative:

   mod(evidence,absence) is different from mod(absence,evidence)

2. The <target> defines the relation, i.e., <target> is <rel> of <source> in <scope>

   mod(evidence,absence) = absence is the modifier of evidence, i.e., evidence of absence

   mod(absence,evidence) = evidence is the modifier of absence, i.e., absence of evidence

Use of Universal Relations

Universal Relations are always used to describe semantic dependencies between syntactic constituents. In general, the following applies:

{{#tree:id=synroles|openlevels=0|root=Syntactic Roles|

• Subject
  • agt: agent (unergative verbs: sleep, snore, cough, run, etc.)
    • John slept = agt(slept,John)
    • John killed Mary = agt(killed,John)
  • obj: patient (unaccusative verbs: die, fall, melt, etc.)
    • John died = obj(died,John)
    • The snow melts = obj(melts,snow)
  • exp: experiencer (stative verbs: believe, understand, know, have, possess, dislike, love, like, contain, include, involve, etc.)
    • John believes in Mary = exp(believes,John)
    • John knows Mary = exp(knows,John)
    • John has two daughters = exp(has,John)
    • John loves Mary = exp(loves,John)
  • aoj: (linking verbs: is, look, feel, etc.)
    • John is sad = aoj(sad,John)
    • John looks sad = aoj(sad,John)
    • equ (identity)
      • John is Peter = equ(Peter,John)
    • icl (a kind of)
      • Dogs are mammals = icl(mammal,dogs)
    • iof (instance of)
      • John is a human being = iof(human being,John)
    • pof (part of)
      • John is part of the family = pof(family,John)
• Complement
  • Verbal complement
    • patient (obj): the object is affected by the verb
      • John killed Mary = obj(killed,Mary)
    • theme (tem): the object is not affected by the verb
      • John knows Mary = tem(knows,Mary)
      • John has two daughters = tem(has,daughters)
      • John loves Mary = tem(loves,Mary)
      • John depends on Mary = tem(depends,Mary)
      • John believes in Mary = tem(believes,Mary)
      • John talked about Mary = tem(talk,Mary)
    • result (res): the object is created by the verb
      • John made a cake = res(make,cake)
    • addressee (adr): the object is the recipient of the action described by the verb
      • John gave the book to Mary = adr(gave,Mary)
      • John sent the book to Mary = adr(sent,Mary)
    • initial state (src): the object is the initial state of verbs of change (take, retrieve, etc.)
      • John took the book from Peter = src(took,Peter)
      • John withdrew the money from the cashier = src(withdrew,cashier)
    • final state (gol): the object is the final state of verbs of change
      • John
    • initial place (plf): the object is initial place of verbs of motion: go, travel, walk, come, etc.
      • John came from NY = plf(came,NY)
    • final place (plt): the object is the final place of verbs of motion: go, travel, walk, come, etc.
      • John came to NY = plt(came,NY)
  • Nominal complement
    • agt (agent)
      • arrival of John = agt(arrival,John)
      • play by Shakespeare = agt(play,Shakespeare)
    • obj (object)
      • construction of the building = obj(construction,building)
      • interest in Physics = obj(interest,Physics)
      • visit to London = obj(visit,London)
    • plc (place)
      • made in China = plc(made,China)
• Adjuncts
  • Time
    • tim (when)
      • John came yesterday = tim(came,yesterday)
    • tmt (until when)
      • John worked until late = tmt(worked,late)
    • tmf (since when)
      • John worked since early = tmf(worked,early)
    • dur (during)
      • John worked during the meeting = dur(worked,meeting)
    • coo (while)
      • John worked while Peter talked = coo(worked,talked)
    • seq (after)
      • John worked and left = seq(left,worked)
  • Location
    • plc (where)
      • John worked here = plc(worked,here)
  • Manner

}}

Hierarchy of Universal Relations

Universal Relations are organized in a hierarchy where lower nodes subsume upper nodes. The topmost level is the relation "rel", which simply indicates that there is a relation between two elements. The following level brings four general relations: participant (ptp), for the necessary arguments (subject and complements) of verbal predicates; attribute (aoj), for the necessary arguments (subject and complement) of nominal predicates; specifier (mod), for general specifiers; and adjunct (adj), for general adjuncts, including time, location and manner.

{{#tree:id=relations|openlevels=0|root=rel|

• ptp (participant)
  • adr (addressee)
  • agt (agent, cause or natural force)
  • ben (beneficiary)
  • cag (co-agent)
  • cob (co-object)
  • exp (experiencer)
  • ins (instrument)
  • obj (patient)
  • ptn (partner)
  • tem (theme)
• aoj (attribute)
  • ant (antonymy)
  • cnt (content)
  • equ (synonymy)
  • fld (field)
  • icl (hyponymy, a kind of)
  • iof (instance of)
  • pof (meronymy, part of)
  • nam (name)
• mod (specifier)
  • pos (possessor)
  • qua (quantity)
  • frm (origin)
  • to (destination)
• adj (adjunct)
  • and (conjunction)
  • or (disjunction)
  • plc (location)
    • plf (initial place)
    • plt (final place, direction)
    • via (intermediate place, path)
    • scn (logical place, scene)
  • tim (time)
    • tmf (initial time)
    • tmt (final time)
    • dur (duration)
    • coo (co-occurrence)
    • seq (sequence)
  • man (manner)
    • bas (basis for comparison)
    • con (condition)
    • gol (final state)
    • mat (material)
    • met (method)
    • per (proportion, rate, distribution)
    • pur (purpose)
    • rsn (reason)
    • src (initial state)

}}

List of Universal Relations in alphabetical order

The set of relations has been undergoing some changes throughout the history of UNL. The table below presents the list of relations according to the several UNL Specs.  

RELATION	DEFINITION	1996	1.0	1.5	2.0	1998	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.3	2005	2010
agt	agent
and	conjunction
ant	antonym
aoj	attributive object
bas	basis
ben	beneficiary
cag	co-agent
cao	co-thing with attribute
cau	cause
cnt	content
cob	co-object
con	condition
coo	co-occurrence
dur	duration
equ	synonym
exp	experiencer
fld	semantic field
fmt	from-to
frm	origin
gol	goal
icl	inclusion
ins	instrument
iof	an instance of
lpl	logical place
man	manner
mat	material
met	method
mod	modifier
nam	name
num	number
obj	object
opl	objective place
or	disjunction
per	unit to measure object
plc	place
plf	initial place
plt	final place
pof	part-of
pos	possessor
ppl	physical place
ptn	partner
pur	purpose
qua	quantity
rsn	reason
scn	scene
seq	sequential order
shd	sentence head
smd	not semantically related
soj	stative object
src	source
tem	theme
tim	time
tmf	time-from
tmt	time-to
to	destination
via	intermediate place